各种影响因子对电解法预处理医药废水的影响研究

探讨了电解法预处理医药废水时停留时间、电解电压、废水初始浓度、温度和废水pH值等影响因子对去除色度、COD和提高废水可生化性等处理效果的影响，并考察了其应用于工业实际废水处理的可行性。实验结果表明：电解法更适合高浓度医药废水的处理，色度的去除率可达到90％以上；电解时间宜控制在40-60min；电解电压越高，废水COD和色度去除效果越好；在实验温度范围内，温度对色度和COD去除率的影响不大；废水pH值为7．5时电解效果最佳，工程运用宜控制在6—9之间。     

用呼吸速率控制SBR反应时问的基础研究

以人工配水为对象，研究了SBR工艺反应过程中呼吸速率的变化规律，探讨了用呼吸速率控制SBR反应时间长度的可行性，结果证明，呼吸速率在SBR反应过程中有明显特征变化可以作为SBR反应结束的标志。把呼吸速率与其他物理变量结合起来可以更加有效地控制SBR，提高其运行效率。     

曝气强度对膜污染的影响

混合液浓度的高低及其粒度分布特性是影响膜生物反应器膜污染的重要因素。在一定污泥浓度下,主要考察了曝气强度对污泥絮体粒度分布的影响,以及不同粒度下的膜污染特性。试验结果表明,曝气强度提高,可以起到减缓污泥颗粒在膜表面的沉积作用,但高的错流流速产生的剪切效应使得污泥颗粒变得琐碎,导致细小胶体粒子和溶解性部分增多,增加了膜孔吸附和堵塞的机会,加剧了膜污染的进程。膜污染速率在曝气强度提高初期阶段迅速降低,接着又随曝气强度增加而缓慢升高,在污泥质量浓度为8 g/L的试验条件下,对应的最适曝气强度为84 m3/(m2.h)。     

Can aquatic distribution of human pharmaceuticals be related to pharmacological data?

The recognition of pharmaceuticals as significant environmental contaminants has only been a recent phenomenon. Therefore there is a paucity of data relating to the fate and effects of pharmaceuticals once they enter an aquatic receiving system. The amount of work that needs to be done in terms of risk assessment for pharmaceuticals required by regulatory agencies is substantial. This paper has determined the environmental partitioning coefficient (K_d) of 13 diverse human pharmaceuticals in three model systems of differing combinations of solid phases and solutions. The K_d values were then compared with distribution values of the pharmaceuticals in the human body determined from pharmacological studies. This was done to assess the functional relationship between K_d and distribution values in the human body (V_D). K_d values ranged from 3 to 2450 L kg⁻¹. Regression coefficients ranged from r² = 0.62–0.72, indicating that V_D values are a useful indicator for the K_d values of the tested pharmaceuticals within the batch sorption systems. The relationship between K_d and V_D should therefore be further explored to determine whether this relationship can be applied to a broader range of pharmaceuticals in more diverse environmental systems. Exploiting available human pharmacological data in such a way would be of great benefit in prioritising human pharmaceuticals as environmental contaminants in the risk assessment process.     

安徽省长江以北地区土壤水溶性氟含量及分布特征

采集安徽省长江以北地区有代表性土壤样品３４７个，测定了其水溶性氟含量。结果表明，土壤水溶性氟含量范围０３８～１２６９ｍｇ／ｋｇ，平均为２３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ。地区分布是南低北高，以淮北宿州和阜阳地区为最高，平均含量在３ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上。主要土壤类型土壤水溶性氟含量顺序是砂姜黑土、潮土＞黄棕壤、紫色土＞水稻土＞石灰土、粗骨土。不同母质土壤水溶性氟含量顺序是古黄土性河湖相沉积物＞黄泛冲积物＞紫色砂岩＞下蜀黄土＞石灰岩＞酸性结晶岩风化物＞河流冲积物。土壤水溶性氟含量与土壤ｐＨ呈正相关。ｐＨ高的黄泛冲积物和古黄土性河湖相沉积物母质土壤含水溶性氟多，该土壤地区发生氟中毒可能性较大。     

Flow Dynamics in Eccentrically Rotating Flasks Used for Dispersant Effectiveness Testing

The evaluation of dispersant effectiveness used for oil spills is commonly done using tests conducted in laboratory flasks. We used a Hot Wire Anemometer (HWA) to characterize mixing dynamics in the Swirling Flask (SF) and the Baffled Flask (BF), the latter is being considered by the EPA to replace the prior to test dispersant effectiveness in the laboratory. Five rotation speeds of the orbital shaker carrying the flasks were considered, Ω = 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 rpm. The radial and azimuthal water speeds were measured for each Ω. It was found that the flow in the SF is, in general, two-dimensional changing from horizontal at low Ω to axi-symmetric at high Ω. The flow in the BF appeared to be three-dimensional at all rotation speeds. This indicates that the BF is more suitable for representing the (inherently) 3-D flow at sea. In the SF, the speeds and energy dissipation rates ɛ increased gradually as the rotation speed increased. Those in the BF increased sharply at rotation speeds greater than 150 rpm. At 200 rpm, the Kolmogorov scale (i.e., size of smallest eddies) was about 250 and 50 μm in the SF and BF, respectively. Noting that the observed droplet sizes of dispersed oils range from 50 to 400 μm (hence most of it is less than 250 μm), one concludes that the mixing in the SF (even at 200 rpm) is not representative of the vigorous mixing occurring at sea.     

海洋纤毛虫实验生态学研究Ⅳ:不同人工海水培养液及温度对扇形游仆虫种群增长的影响

为了揭示出海洋纤毛虫在人工海水中及不同温度下的种群动力学，利用实验生态学方法，就4种培养液及2种（17℃和23℃）温度对海洋纤毛虫扇形游仆虫（Euplotes vannus Mailer，1786）种群增长的影响进行了初步探讨．结果显示：①该种纤毛虫原生动物在4种人工海水培养液中的种群增长率大小顺序为：牛肉浸膏培养液〉米粒培养液〉酵母粉培养液〉蛋白胨培养液；②种群密度大小顺序依次为：米粒培养液〉牛肉浸膏培养液〉酵母粉培养液〉蛋白胨培养液；③指数增长期及稳定期在米粒培养液中均长于牛肉浸膏培养液；④随着培养温度的升高，种群增长率增大，指数增长期及稳定期缩短；⑤温度系数（Q10）的大小顺序为：蛋白胨培养液〉牛肉浸膏培养液〉米粒培养液〉酵母粉培养液．结果表明，米粒人工海水培养液不仅适合于保种培养，而且适合于种群的扩大培养，而牛肉浸膏培养液更适合于种群的快速扩大培养，其他两种培养液则只适合于保种培养．图2表4参13     

厌氧发酵过程pH对微生物多样性和产物分布的影响

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了不同pH条件下蔬菜类有机垃圾厌氧发酵过程中的微生物多样性,探讨了微生物群落结构与发酵产物分布的关系.Shannon指数分析表明,pH=7和pH=8时的微生物多样性较高,随时间变化规律相似,而pH=5时的微生物多样性较低.UPGMA聚类分析和PCA分析结果也表明,pH=7和pH=8时的微生物群落结构相似,pH=5与之显著不同.在不同pH条件下的优势菌属都是乳酸细菌和梭菌。微生物多样性的变化与发酵产物分布具有一定相关性,pH通过影响微生物群落结构的变化最终影响发酵产物的分布.图4表2参27     

蜡烛燃烧产生的亚微米颗粒物的数量排放因子

蜡烛燃烧产生的亚微米颗粒物(在10nm-500nm范围内),稳定燃烧排放的颗粒物呈单峰正态分布,而非稳定燃烧呈近似双峰正态分布.将现场测得的浓度数据通过气溶胶动力方程转化为排放因子.结果表明,蜡烛燃烧产生的颗粒物在经过一段时间历程后,粒径谱会发生较大的变化,纳米级颗粒物逐渐消失,颗粒物的粒径有所增大.蜡烛在稳定燃烧环境下产生的亚微米颗粒物的数量排放因子为4.05×1012±0.73×1012个·g-1,在非稳定燃烧下的排放因子为1.49×1012±0.32×1012个·g-1.